QAQC in Construction

  Soil compaction is an operation common to most construction projects and increases the strength and stability of soils to support earthworks, structures, and pavements. Techniques to achieve maximum soil density are well known, and the outcomes can be tested and quantified using standard methods. Soil material is placed in layers, or lifts, in depths from a few inches to a foot or more, and compaction equipment rolls, kneads, vibrates, or sometimes uses dead-weight to consolidate the soil. The Right Kind of Compaction Test Specifications for soil compaction are established during the design phase of the project and depend on both total loads anticipated and whether those loads will be static or dynamic. Judging the adequacy of compaction efforts using qualitative measurements like penetration resistance or observation of wheel traffic is not sufficient to determine if the specifications have been met. Standard Proctor specifications (ASTM  D698  / AASHTO  T 99 ) wo...

1. Natural Sources of Sand: The sand particles consist of small grains of silica (SiO 2 ). It is formed by the decomposition of sand stones due to various effects of weather. According to the natural sources from which the sand is obtained, it is of the following three types: (1) Pit sand (2) River sand (3) Sea sand. (1) Pit Sand: This sand is found as deposits in soil and it is obtained by forming pits into soils. It is excavated from a depth of about 1 m to 2 m from ground level. The pit sand consists of sharp angular grains which are free from salts and it proves to be excellent material for mortar or concrete work. For making mortar, the clean pit sand free from organic matter and clay should only be used. When rubbed between the fingers, the fine pit sand should not leave any stain on the fingers. If there is any stain, it indicates the coating of oxide of iron over the sand grains. (2) River Sand: This sand is obtained from banks or beds of rivers. The river...

1. Scope 1.1 This Method Statement describes a proper work procedure shall be carried out during the excavation stage as per specification and contract drawings. 2. References 2.1 General Specification – Excavation & Earthworks 3. Materials 3.1 Natural Soil 4. Tools & Equipment 4.1 Excavator 4.2 Pay Loader 4.4 JCB / Poclain 4.5 Six Wheel Truck 4.6 Bob-Cat 4.7 Shovel 4.8 Total Station 4.9 Meter Tape 5. Work Procedure 5.1  Site Preparation 5.1.1 Existing Services – [Company] construction team would conduct an investigation and acquire information about site services might have been placed/embedded below the ground. Services, wherever found shall be rerouted and protected to place will not affect site activities. 5.1.2 Setting out – [Company] surveyor would conduct the site survey to mark/stake-out the lines and levels of the objective excavation for foundations as per indicated in the approved drawing. 5.2  Excavation 5.2.1 The area to be...

SOIL COMPACTION TESTS The main  differences between  the Soil  Compaction and the Consolidation  process are given below.  Compaction  is a process where mechanical pressure is used to compress the soil mass for the purpose of soil improvement.  Compaction is a  process  of increasing soil density and removing air, usually by mechanical means. The size of the individual soil particles does not change, neither is water removed. Purposeful compaction is intended to improve the strength and stiffness of soil.  In the consolidation  process, soil volume is reduced by squeezing out pore water from the saturated soil. TYPES OF COMPACTION: DEEP COMPACTION:  Dynamic compaction  is a method that is used to increase the density of the soil when certain subsurface constraints make other methods inappropriate. ... The process involves dropping a heavyweight repeatedly on the ground at regularly spaced intervals. SHALL...